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Very low frequency or VLF refers to radio frequencies (RF) in the range of 3 to 30 kHz. Since there is not much bandwidth in this band of the radio spectrum, only the very simplest signals are used, such as for radionavigation. Also known as the myriameter band or myriameter wave as the wavelengths range from ten to one myriameters (an obsolete metric unit equal to 10 kilometers). VLF waves can penetrate water to a depth of roughly 10 to 40 metres (30 to 130 feet), depending on the frequency and the salinity of the water. VLF is used to communicate with submarines near the surface (for example using the transmitter DHO38), while ELF is used for deeply-submerged vessels. VLF is also used for radio navigation beacons (alpha) and time signals (beta). VLF is also used in eletromagnetic geophysical surveys. Early in the history of radio engineering within the band starting from 20 kHz attempts were made to use radiotelephone using amplitude modulation and single-sideband modulation, but the result was unsatisfactory because of the small available bandwidth. The frequency range below 9kHz is not allocated by the International Telecommunication Union and may be used in some nations license-free. Many natural radio emissions, such as whistlers, can also be heard in this band. In the USA, the time signal station WWVL began transmitting a 500 W signal on 20 kHz in August 1963. It used Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) to send data, shifting between 20 kHz and 26 kHz. The WWVL service was discontinued in July 1972. The very long wave transmitter SAQ at Grimeton near Varberg in Sweden can be visited by the public at certain times, such as on Alexanderson Day. List of VLF transmissions Callsign Frequency Location of transmitter Remarks - 11.905 kHz Russia (various locations) Alpha-Navigation - 12.649 kHz Russia (various locations) Alpha-Navigation - 14.881 kHz Russia (various locations) - 15.625 kHz - Frequency for horizontal deflection of electron beam of TV sets (PAL) - 15.734 kHz - Frequency for horizontal deflection of electron beam of TV sets (NTSC) GBR 15.8 kHz Rugby, England (Regular transmissions ceased April 2003) Many publications listed its frequency as 16 kHz JXN 16.4 kHz Helgeland (Norway) SAQ 17.2 kHz Grimeton (Sweden) Only active at special occasions (Alexanderson Day) - ca. 17.5 kHz ? Twenty second pulses ? 17.8 kHz ? Transmits occasionally Superpulses RDL/UPD/UFQE/UPP/UPD8 18.1 kHz Russia (various locations) HWU 18.3 kHz Le Blanc (France) Frequently inactive for longer periods RKS 18.9 kHz Russia (various locations) Rarely active GBZ 19.6 kHz Criggion (Britain) Many operation modes, even Superpulses. Closed 2003. NWC 19.8 kHz Exmouth, Western Australia (AUS) Used for submarine communication, 1 megawatt. ICV 20.27 kHz Tavolara (Italia) RJH63, RJH66, RJH69, RJH77, RJH99 20.5 kHz Russia (various locations) Time signal transmitter Beta ICV 20.76 kHz Tavolara (Italia) HWU 20.9 kHz Le Blanc (France) RDL 21.1 kHz Russia (various locations) rarely active HWU 21.75 kHz Le Blanc (France) GBZ 22.1 kHz Anthorn (Britain) - 22.2 kHz Ebino (Japan) ? 22.3 kHz Russia? Only active on 2nd of each month for a short period between 11:00 and 13:00 (respectively 10:00 and 12:00 in winter), if 2nd of each month is not a Sunday RJH63, RJH66, RJH69, RJH77, RJH99 23 kHz Russia (various locations) Time signal transmitter Beta DHO38 23.4 kHz near Rhauderfehn (Germany) submarine communication NAA 24 kHz Cutler, Maine (USA) Used for submarine communication, at 2 megawatts, it is the most powerful station in the world PC-based VLF reception PC based VLF reception is a simple method whereby anyone can pick up VLF signals using the advantages of modern computer technology. An aerial in the form of a coil of insulated wire is connected to the input of the soundcard of the PC (via a jack plug) and placed a few metres away from it. Fast Fourier transform (FFT) software in combination with a sound card allows reception of all frequencies below 24 kilohertz simultaneously in the form of spectrogrammes. Because PC monitors are strong sources of noise in the VLF range, it is recommended to record the spectrograms on hard disk with the PC monitor turned off. These spectrograms show many interesting signals, which may include VLF transmitters, the horizontal electron beam deflection of TV sets and sometimes superpulses and twenty second pulses. Are you interested in mult-player online internet games? Such as runescape and neopets?Internet Game Online-games, tips, cheats and kids forumsAnother good forum is the Internet Junction For Gamers IJFG.COM Internet Junction For Gamers, Runescape Market and More IJFG.COM Jokes, Pranks, Runescape and other cool games at IJFG.COM. RuneScape is set in a medieval fantasy world, similar to "Guild Wars" or "EverQuest", where players control character representations of themselves. As with most massive multiplayer online roleplaying games (MMORPG), there is no overall objective or end to the game. 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RuneScape has often been one of the top massive online role playing games. It is a unique game. But, with a unique game, comes unique players. Players get bored, and then try to develop cheats....autos or bots that will help them achieve success in their beloved games of Runescape 2. RuneScape is a virtual world which is divided into two part: Members Areas and Non-Members areas. People who pay to play (p2p), receive access to the special areas. They also have access to the free areas. The members' places are much larger, offer "better" items for the gameplay of rs2, and much, much more. The character that you create when you first start playing runescape, moves around the game on foot; either by running, or walking. Players are challenged to their utmost skills by fighting new monsters, completing difficult quests, and manipulating marketing. As Runescape 2 is an RPG (Role playing game), there is no set path a person must take to play rs. They can choose what to do, and when, whether it be training their money-making skills, or fighting another player. Players usually interact with each other by chatting through public chat, or private chat.Internet Junction For Gamers, Runescape Market and More IJFG.COM IJFG.com was a runescape 2 based site. They have now, however, taken another look.... Of course the king of all game cheating websites is trick the trik (otherwise known as RPG Cheats Site), where you can find cheat forums, mmorpg topsite, arcade games and any mmo game related topics. The master of massive multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPG) cheats can be found at Trik.com Trik.com; this site is one of the best today. The forum section, Trik.com forum, originally came from IJFG.com (Internet Junction For Gamers) , which was one of the best websites that discussed various gamers' issues. The full name was Internet Junction For Gamers, Runescape Market and More. This site had Jokes, Pranks, RuneScape and other cool games. RuneScape is set in a medieval fantasy world, similar to "Guild Wars" or "EverQuest," where players control character representations of themselves. As with most MMORPG, there is no overall objective or end to the game. Players explore, form alliances, perform optional tasks, and complete quests for rewards and to build characters' skills. Trik.com continues IJFG.com's success, but Trik.com has more to offer. Trik Topsite can be found at Trik Topsite; the TopSite is a great addition if you want to find the best MMO RPG site(s) or raise your site in the rankings. Trik.com also has a viciously competitive Arcade. If you want to be the #1 Arcade on Trik, then come prove yourself at Trik.com arcade: Trik arcade. Trik.com ?Trik.com/topsite ?Trik.com/forum/arcade.php With the rising popularity of commercial MMORPG games came the desire from ardent players of these games to run their own servers beside the ones run by the game's creator. Since the original server software is not usually available, the behavior of the server has to be re-engineered. This can be done by analyzing the data stream with the original server, or by disassembling and analyzing the client which is available. Ultima Online was one of the first
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